Davis estimates the Umayyad forces at 80,000 and the Franks at about 30,000, while noting that modern historians have estimated the strength of the Umayyad army at Tours at between 20,000–80,000.

Drawing on non-contemporary Muslim sources, Creasy describes the Umayyad forces as 80,000 strong or more. Some modern historians, using estimates of what the land was able to support and what Martel could have raised from his realm and supported during the campaign, believe the total Muslim force, counting the outlying raiding parties, which rejoined the main body before Tours, outnumbered the Franks. However, virtually all Western sources disagree, estimating the Franks as numbering 30,000, less than half the Muslim force. The Mozarabic Chronicle of 754, a Latin contemporary source which describes the battle in greater detail than any other Latin or Arabic source, states that 'the people of Austrasia, greater in number of soldiers and formidably armed, killed the king, Abd ar-Rahman', which agrees with many Arab and Muslim historians. The number of troops in each army is not known. Most historians assume that the two armies met where the rivers Clain and Vienne join between Tours and Poitiers. Charles's victory is widely believed to have stopped the northward advance of Umayyad forces from the Iberian Peninsula and to have prevented the Islamization of Western Europe. Umayyad military campaigns reached northward into Aquitaine and Burgundy, including a major engagement at Bordeaux and a raid on Autun. These were followed by military expeditions into the Frankish territories of Gaul, former provinces of the Roman Empire. The Battle of Tours followed two decades of Umayyad conquests in Europe which had begun with the invasion of the Christian Visigothic Kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula in 711. The exoticism of the Saracen army is stressed in this detail from The Saracen Army outside Paris, by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, painted 1822–27, which actually depicts a fictional incident from Ludovico Ariosto (Cassino Massimo, Rome). Most historians agree that 'the establishment of Frankish power in western Europe shaped that continent's destiny and the Battle of Tours confirmed that power.' Background The battle helped lay the foundations of the Carolingian Empire and Frankish domination of western Europe for the next century.

The battlefield was located somewhere between the cities of Poitiers and Tours, in northern Aquitaine in western France, near the border of the Frankish realm and the then-independent Duchy of Aquitaine under Odo the Great.Īl-Ghafiqi was killed in combat, and the Umayyad army withdrew after the battle. Notably, the Frankish troops apparently fought without heavy cavalry. Most sources agree that the Umayyads had a larger force and suffered heavier casualties. ĭetails of the battle, including the number of combatants and its exact location, are unclear from the surviving sources. Several historians, such as Edward Gibbon, have credited the Christian victory in the battle as an important factor in curtailing the Islamization of Western Europe. It resulted in the victory for the Frankish and Aquitanian forces, led by Charles Martel, over the invading Muslim forces of the Umayyad Caliphate, led by Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi, governor of al-Andalus. (See instructions if you don't know how to install: Instructions on how to install)ĥ.The Battle of Tours, also called the Battle of Poitiers and the Battle of the Highway of the Martyrs ( Arabic: معركة بلاط الشهداء, romanized: Maʿrakat Balāṭ ash-Shuhadā'), was fought on October 10, 732, and was an important battle during the Umayyad invasion of Gaul.

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